Which term refers to the political upheaval aimed at recovering Southern state governments from Republican control?

The correct answer is "Redemption" as it specifically refers to the period following the Reconstruction era in the United States when Southern Democrats sought to reclaim political power and restore white supremacy in the Southern states after the Civil War. During this time, they aimed to reverse the gains made by African Americans and Republican control over Southern state governments.

The term "Redemption" is often used to describe the actions taken by Southern Democrats to eliminate Reconstruction-era policies and re-establish their authority and social order. This included the implementation of Jim Crow laws and various discriminatory practices that disenfranchised Black voters and oppressed the African American population.

In contrast, "Counterrevolution" generally implies a broader resistance against a revolution, which doesn’t precisely encapsulate the Southern Democrats' specific goal of regaining power. "Reform" suggests a desire to improve or change systems rather than reverse them, while "Restoration" typically pertains to returning something to a former state but is less focused on the political aspect of recovering control from Republicans. Therefore, "Redemption" best captures the intent and actions of Southern Democrats during this turbulent period in American history.