Which term refers to the political upheaval aimed at recovering Southern state governments from Republican control?

The term that refers to the political upheaval aimed at recovering Southern state governments from Republican control is "Redemption." This period, occurring primarily in the late 1870s, was characterized by efforts from Southern Democrats to regain political power after the Civil War and Reconstruction, which had established Republican dominance in the South.

During Redemption, there was a concerted effort to restore the pre-war social order, which included the disenfranchisement of African Americans and the dismantling of Reconstruction-era policies. This movement culminated in various violent confrontations and the establishment of Jim Crow laws, which enforced racial segregation and systemic inequality. This historical context underscores the significance of Redemption as a pivotal moment in Southern history, as it marked the end of Reconstruction and the beginning of a long-lasting period of racial oppression in the South.