Which term describes factory workers in the North who faced long hours and low wages?

The term that best describes factory workers in the North who faced long hours and low wages is "wage slaves." This term emerged in the 19th century to highlight the harsh working conditions and the economic situation of laborers during the Industrial Revolution. These workers often toiled for long hours in unsafe environments and received meager pay, which made it difficult for them to make a living, thereby likening their plight to that of slaves, who are forced to work without compensation or rights.

This usage underscored the idea that, although they were legally free, these workers were economically trapped, working under conditions that severely limited their opportunities for advancement or fair treatment. The phrase aimed to bring attention to their struggles and was a part of broader labor movements advocating for better conditions, wages, and hours.